How Are Air Cargo Pallets Identified? A Complete Guide for the Aviation Industry

In the dynamic realm of air cargo transportation, air cargo pallets (also known as Unit Load Devices or ULDs) play a pivotal role in ensuring the efficient and secure movement of goods across the globe. As a supplier with 40 years of experience in manufacturing ULDs, we understand that proper identification is not just a labeling exercise - it is the foundation of safety, compliance, and operational efficiency. This blog explains how air cargo pallets are identified, covering standard markings, barcode/RFID technology, serial number traceability, and real-world industry practices.

1. The Basics of Air Cargo Pallet Identification

Air cargo pallets come in different sizes and types to fit specific aircraft. Correct identification is essential for multiple reasons: loading accuracy, weight and balance calculations, tracking, maintenance control, and compliance with aviation regulations.

At the most basic level, air cargo pallets are identified by their IATA ULD code - a three-character code that defines:

First character: ULD type (e.g., P = pallet, A = container)

Second character: Base size (e.g., M = 244cm x 318cm, G = 244cm x 605cm)

Third character: Profile or contour (e.g., C = lower deck, N = main deck)

Common examples include:

These codes allow ground staff, load planners, and cargo agents to quickly identify the correct pallet type for each flight.

2. Visual Identification and Markings

Every air cargo pallet is physically marked with clear, durable labels or markings. IATA regulations (ULD Regulations, Section 5) require that each ULD displays:

Owner/operator code (e.g., "LH" for Lufthansa, "CX" for Cathay Pacific)

ULD serial number – unique 6-digit number assigned by the owner

IATA ULD code (e.g., PMC)

Maximum gross weight (in kg and lb)

Tare weight (empty weight)

Manufacturing date or shelf-life limit

These markings are placed on placards that are riveted or adhered to the pallet structure. They are designed to withstand harsh ramp conditions - temperature extremes, moisture, and UV exposure.

For airworthy ULDs, an additional Airworthiness Approval Tag may be attached, indicating compliance with FAA or EASA technical standard orders (e.g., TSO-C90c).

3. Barcode and RFID Technology

In modern cargo operations, barcode and RFID technologies are widely used to improve tracking efficiency.

Barcode Labels

IATA recommends the IATA ULD-1 barcode label standard (based on Code 128). This label is affixed to each ULD and contains:

ULD owner code

Serial number

IATA ULD type code

Check digit

When a barcode is scanned at key checkpoints - such as goods receipt, build-up zone, airside staging, or loading gate - the data is recorded into the airport's cargo handling system or the airline's ULD control system.

Important note: Scanning does not track the pallet's every movement inside the warehouse. Instead, it updates its status (e.g., "received," "built up," "loaded") at defined checkpoints. Continuous real-time location tracking is typically reserved for RFID-equipped ULDs in advanced operations (e.g., by Unilode or Jettainer).

RFID Technology

RFID-enabled ULDs carry passive or active tags that can be read remotely - no line-of-sight required. This allows for:

Automated identification when a pallet enters or exits a cargo zone

Reduced manual scanning labor

Faster and more accurate inventory checks

However, RFID implementation requires investment in readers, data systems, and integration with airline/ground handler networks. It is not yet universal across all ULDs.

4. Serial Numbers and Global ULD Databases

Each ULD carries a unique serial number assigned by its owner (typically an airline or ULD leasing pool). This serial number, combined with the owner code, enables traceability.

For ULDs managed under centralized ULD control programs - such as those operated by Unilode, Jettainer, or large airlines - the serial number is linked to a database containing:

Manufacturing history (date, factory, material batch)

Maintenance and repair records

Inspection results (damage, repairs, next due date)

Pooling or lease assignment information

For example, if a pallet has a history of structural repairs or failed recent inspections, this information can be retrieved before the pallet is dispatched, helping operators avoid using a non-airworthy unit.

Clarification: Not every ULD in circulation is connected to such databases. Many ULDs operate in standard interchange (interline) pools where only current serviceability status and basic ownership are tracked. Full lifecycle data is more common for high-value ULDs under dedicated management programs.

5. Importance of Accurate Identification for a ULD Supplier

As a ULD supplier, accurate identification serves several practical purposes:

Correct product delivery: When a customer orders "PMC pallets," we verify the IATA code and physical dimensions before dispatch.

Quality traceability: Our manufacturing records use serial numbers to trace material batches, production dates, and quality control results.

Compliance: We ensure that all markings meet IATA ULDR and applicable airworthiness requirements (FAA/EASA/CAAC).

Customer confidence: Clear, permanent markings reduce the risk of misuse or loading errors.

6. Compliance with International Standards

IATA publishes the ULD Regulations (ULDR) manual, which is the global benchmark for ULD identification, handling, and maintenance. It specifies:

ULD coding structure

Labeling and marking requirements

Inspection and repair criteria

Airworthiness approval processes

Other relevant standards include:

FAA TSO-C90c – Pallet performance and marking

EASA ETSO-C90c – European equivalent

CAAC CTSOA – Chinese counterpart for airworthiness approval

Compliance with these standards ensures that pallets can move seamlessly across different airlines, airports, and countries without additional approvals.

7. Challenges in Air Cargo Pallet Identification

Despite established standards, challenges remain:

Harsh environment – Extreme temperatures, rain, UV light, and rough handling can damage barcode labels or RFID tags. Weather-resistant materials (laminated polyester, embedded tags) are used to mitigate this.

High volume of ULDs – Major hubs handle thousands of ULDs daily. Accurate tracking requires disciplined scanning and data entry at each checkpoint.

Counterfeit and non-compliant ULDs – Some operators use unapproved pallets or forged markings, posing safety risks. IATA and customs authorities track such violations, and legitimate suppliers must source only certified products.

System fragmentation – Not all airports and ground handlers use the same tracking systems, which can create data gaps.

8. How ULD Suppliers Address These Challenges

We address these challenges through practical measures:

Durable marking materials – We use recessed placards and high-adhesion polyester labels tested for ramp conditions.

Process control – Each pallet receives a serial number and is logged into our internal traceability system from production to dispatch.

Customer guidance – We educate customers on proper identification checks before loading and recommend periodic inspection routines.

Industry collaboration – We reference IATA ULDR guidelines and work with certified inspection facilities for repair and recertification.

9. Contact Us for Your Air Cargo Pallet Needs

If you're in the market for high-quality air cargo pallets - PMC, PGA, PAG, PLA, or other IATA-certified types - we are here to help.

With 40 years of manufacturing experience, we supply pallets, nets, containers, and dollies that meet IATA and airworthiness standards. We also provide practical loading guidance and ULD training (both online and on-site).

📩 Contact us for a quote or technical consultation.

Disclaimer

This article is for general informational purposes only. Air cargo operators must always refer to the latest IATA ULD Regulations, aircraft manufacturer manuals, and applicable national aviation authority requirements. The supplier assumes no responsibility for any interpretation, action, or non-compliance arising from this article.